Abstract: The quality of life of organ transplant recipients is closely correlated with immune status. Compared with those undergoing other solid organ transplantation, the long-term prognosis of lung transplant recipients is worse. The underlying immune mechanism is complex with both similarities and characteristics. Therefore, in-depth understanding of the immune mechanism in the process of immune response of allogeneic lung transplantation plays a critical role in improving the long-term survival of the recipients. In this article, the unique composition of immune cells in the lung, the characteristics of rejection after lung transplantation, the early warning and differential diagnosis of pathogen infection in lung transplantation and postoperative complications after lung transplantation were investigated. Research progress on clinical diagnosis and basic studies related to immunology in allogeneic lung transplantation were summarized, aiming to elucidate the immunological characteristics of lung transplantation and provide theoretical basis for improving the longterm survival of lung transplant recipients and prevention and treatment of allograft dysfunction.