中国活体供肾移植临床指南(2016版)
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-7445.2016.06.002
Clinical guideline on living donor renal transplantation in China (2016 edition)
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摘要: 活体供肾移植经历半个多世纪的发展,已成为终末期肾病患者的重要治疗手段。在我国,亲属活体器官捐献肾移植作为家庭自救的方式之一,近年来已成为肾脏供体来源的重要补充部分。本指南以世界卫生组织《人体器官移植指导原则》(1991)、中华人民共和国国务院《人体器官移植条例》(2007)以及国家卫生部《关于规范活体器官移植的若干规定》(2010)为法律依据,在《中国活体供肾移植指南》(2009)的基础上进行更新。内容包括活体供肾移植的伦理学、供者与受者的医学评估、活体供肾摘取原则与手术方式、供者近期与远期并发症以及供者的长期随访等。
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表 1 需要了解供肾意向供者的病史内容
Table 1. The disease history of intended kidney donors need to understand
需了解的意向供者病史内容 ● 心血管病危险因素
缺血性心肌病、外周血管疾病、动脉硬化;高血压;血栓栓塞性疾病;血友病● 传播性感染病史
肝炎或黄疸;输血;静脉注射吸毒;6个月内纹身或皮肤穿孔;HIV患者和HIV携带者及其性伴侣; HTLV1和HTLV2感染的高危人群;巨细胞病毒等病毒感染;慢性感染性疾病如结核、非典型分枝杆菌感染;梅毒;有传染病疫区长期居住史● 糖尿病包括糖尿病家族史;代谢综合征及其他严重的代谢系统疾病;痛风 ● 恶性肿瘤病史
黑色素瘤;睾丸癌;肾细胞癌;绒毛膜癌;血液系统恶性肿瘤;支气管癌;乳腺癌;单克隆丙种球蛋白病;卡波济氏肉瘤● 明确的慢性肾脏疾病
包括可能影响捐赠者的肾病家族史以及血尿、肾性水肿、泌尿系感染;双侧肾结石和高复发类型的肾结石● 吸烟和药物或酒精成瘾病史,吸毒者 ● 精神病史,应用生长激素病史以及未明确诊断的神经障碍病史 ● 慢性真菌和寄生虫感染
疟疾、蠕虫以及其他地方性传染性疾病● 妇产科慢性疾病病史 注:HIV为人类免疫缺陷病毒;HTLV为人类T淋巴细胞病毒 表 2 供肾意向供者的常规筛查项目
Table 2. Routine screening program of intended kidney donors
项目种类 具体内容 一般情况 ● BMI,血压 尿液检查 ● 蛋白、血细胞和糖试纸检测(≥ 2次) ● 显微镜检查 ● 细菌培养和敏感性测定(≥ 2次,如有指征) ● 蛋白排泄率测定(如有指征) 粪便检查 ● 粪便隐血试验 血液检查 ● 血红蛋白和血细胞计数 ● 凝血筛查(PT和APTT) ● 肝、肾功能及电解质 ● 空腹血糖 ● 口服葡萄糖耐量试验(若有糖尿病家族史或空腹血糖>5.6 mmol/L) 病毒学和感染筛查 ● 乙型肝炎病毒和丙型肝炎病毒标志物 ● HIV ● HTLV1和HTLV 2(如有指征) ● 巨细胞病毒 ● EB病毒 ● 弓形虫 ● 梅毒 ● 水痘-带状疱疹病毒(若受者为血清学阴性) ● 人类疱疹病毒8型(如有指征) 肾脏解剖和功能评估 ● 超声和CT(包括三维重建) ● ECT测量双侧肾小球滤过率(GFR) 腹腔脏器 ● 腹部超声 心血管呼吸系统 ● 胸部X线摄片 ● 心电图 ● 超声心动图(如有指征) ● 心血管负荷试验(作为常规或如有指征时) 肿瘤筛查 ● 肿瘤标志物 ● 女性行乳腺超声和X线摄片、宫颈涂片 注:BMI为体质量指数;PT为凝血酶原时间;APTT为活化部分凝血活酶时间;HIV为人类免疫缺陷病毒;HTLV为人类T淋巴细胞病毒;ECT为发射型计算机断层摄影术 -
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