Abstract: Kidney transplantation is the first-line treatment for end-stage renal disease. However, the shortage of donor organs, graft injury and rejection remain major bottlenecks restricting its long-term efficacy. In 2025, breakthrough advances have been achieved in both basic and clinical research in the field of kidney transplantation. In terms of expanding donor sources, multi-gene-edited porcine xenotransplantation have achieved long-term survival in non-human primate models, and the construction of "universal type O donor kidneys" via enzymatic conversion has broken through the barrier of ABO-incompatible transplantation. Regarding the mechanisms and protection of graft injury, studies have deeply elucidated the molecular mechanism by which lactylation of nucleophosmin 1 drives ferroptosis and metabolic reprogramming during ischemia-reperfusion injury, and precise intervention strategies based on nanocarriers and mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes have been developed. In the diagnosis and treatment of rejection, single-cell RNA sequencing has finely mapped the immune response landscape including Isg15⁺ macrophages, and functional MRI as well as molecular imaging targeting fibroblast activation protein have significantly improved the efficacy of non-invasive monitoring of rejection. In addition, individualized immunosuppressive regimens based on pharmacogenomics and comprehensive prevention and treatment strategies for various complications have further optimized the whole-life-cycle management of transplant recipients. This article systematically reviews and summarizes the research progress made by Chinese teams in renal transplantation in 2025, aiming to provide references for clinical practice and future research directions.