器官捐献领域捐献人撤销权行使面临的困境与纾解

Dilemmas and solutions for the exercise of donors' right of revocation in organ donation

  • 摘要: 在器官捐献领域,捐献人撤销权在法律层面存在权利性质界定不清、行使后法律责任不明确、具体行使规则缺失等问题,在实践层面则面临医疗机构缺乏对撤销权行使的响应机制、协调机制与信息传递不足、外部压力制约权利行使等障碍。在法律层面,将器官捐献撤销权界定为基于人格尊严的“特殊任意撤销权”,确立“捐献人免责为原则、适度例外为补充”的责任分担方式,形成与捐献进程相匹配的阶段式程序规范体系。在实践层面,应以消除医疗机构执行顾虑、建立高效的信息传递系统、营造支持性社会环境为核心要点,同时完善伦理委员会审查职能与撤销者隐私保护机制,以促进捐献人权利保障与器官捐献事业发展的有机统一。

     

    Abstract: In the field of organ donation, the right of revocation of donors faces problems at the legal level, including unclear definition of the nature of the right, ambiguous legal liability after exercise, and the lack of specific exercise rules. At the practical level, there are obstacles such as the absence of a response mechanism for the exercise of the right of revocation in medical institutions, insufficient coordination and information transmission, and restriction on the exercise of the right by external pressure. Legally, the right of revocation in organ donation should be defined as a "special discretionary right of revocation" based on personal dignity. A liability allocation mode of "principally exempting donors from liability, supplemented by appropriate exceptions" should be established, and a staged procedural norm system matching the donation process should be formed. In practice, the core points should be eliminating medical institutions' concerns about implementation, establishing an efficient information transmission system, and creating a supportive social environment. Meanwhile, the review function of ethics committees and the privacy protection mechanism for donors who revoke donations should be improved to promote the organic unity of the protection of donors' rights and the development of the organ donation cause.

     

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