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摘要: 供肝短缺已经成为制约肝移植发展的重要因素,心脏死亡器官捐献(DCD)供体是扩大供体池的一个重要来源。应用体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)技术可提高DCD供肝的质量,增加器官捐献供体池,改善肝移植受体的预后。本文综述了ECMO对DCD供体器官支持的基本原理和操作技术、ECMO用于DCD供体肝移植的研究进展及存在的问题,提示ECMO在我国DCD供体肝移植中具备较大的发展潜力和应用前景。
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表 1 马斯特里赫特DCD分类标准
Table 1. DCD classification standard of Maastricht
分类 描述 DCD类型 判定地点 M-Ⅰ 入院前已宣布死亡,热缺血时间不确定 不可控 院外 M-Ⅱ 院外发生心脏停搏,心肺复苏不成功,热缺血时间明确 不可控 病房/急诊 M-Ⅲ 有计划撤除生命支持后等待心脏停搏 可控 ICU和急诊 M-Ⅳ 脑死亡判定后非计划性的心脏停搏 可控 ICU和急诊 M-Ⅴ ICU中非计划性的心脏停搏 不可控 ICU ICU为重症监护室 表 2 ECMO在DCD供体肝移植中的研究报道
Table 2. Research report of ECMO in the liver transplantation from DCD donor
作者 Maastricht分类 热缺血时间
(min)冷缺血时间
(min)ECMO支持
(n)ECMO运行时间
(min)受体1年存活率
(%)移植肝1年存活率(%) 主要结果 Wang CC, et al [13] M-Ⅱ - 210 1 250 - - ECMO支持下维持DCD核心体温5 ℃,肝移植术后受体预后良好 Fondevila C, et al [14] M-Ⅱ - - 10 0186(120~240) 50 70 1例肝脏发生PNF,其他移植肝的肝功能尚可 Jiménez-Galanes S, et al [15] M-Ⅰ、Ⅱ 126(70~163) 432(240~565) 20 174(96~240) 85.5 80 常温ECMO支持下,DCD供体肝移植术后受体的预后情况与DBD供体肝移植无明显差异 Fondevila C, et al[16] M-Ⅱ 30(26~35)0 380(325~430) 34 198(183~225) 82.0 70 供肝使用率 < 10%,但通过改进器官保存技术能进一步改善结果 Butler AJ, et al[17] M-Ⅲ、Ⅳ 19(13~29)0 189(148~236) 3 124(94~156) - - 在心脏停搏后进行置管和肝素化仍可成功进行常温局部灌注,成功获取供肝 Carter T, et al[18] - - - 15 - 93.0 93 成功获取24例供肝,15例成功进行肝移植 Sun XY, et al[19] M-Ⅲ 7.4(5.6~9.5). 498(408~570) 6 360~600a 100.0 100 受体术后短时间内肝功能和凝血功能均恢复正常,随访1年肝功能维持正常 霍枫, 等[20] M-Ⅳ 0 260 1 240(300)b - - 成功获取供体的肝脏和肾脏,肝移植受体术后预后良好 a为ECMO于血流动力学不稳定和氧合低下时开始,心脏停搏器官获取前结束; b为ECMO共运转300 min,其中心脏停搏后运转240 min; -为原文未提供数据 -
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